Syzdykova G.M. Ежелгі Шығыс елдері тарихы: Oku kuraly.2nd edition. Karaganda: “AKNUR edition”, 2019. – 160 p.
Based on historical patterns, the textbook examines the prerequisites for the emergence and development of ancient states and the first centers of civilization on earth, and also pays attention to various aspects of the development of ancient civilizations, depending on individual regions and their global development. the importance and uniqueness of Oriental societies.
The textbook is intended for students, graduate students, teachers and anyone interested in the history of the ancient world.